In dentistry, VDO stands for Vertical Dimension of Occlusion. It is a crucial measurement representing the vertical distance between the upper jaw (maxilla) and the lower jaw (mandible) when the teeth are in maximum intercuspation, meaning they are fully biting together. This measurement is also sometimes referred to as the Occlusal Vertical Dimension (OVD).
Understanding VDO
The Vertical Dimension of Occlusion is a fundamental concept in restorative and prosthetic dentistry. It defines the height of the face when the teeth are in contact. Proper VDO is essential for:
- Optimal Jaw Function: Ensuring the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) function correctly.
- Comfort: Preventing muscle strain or discomfort in the jaw, neck, and head.
- Aesthetics: Maintaining the natural facial height and appearance.
- Speech: Supporting clear articulation.
- Chewing Efficiency: Allowing for effective mastication of food.
Importance in Dental Treatments
VDO is a key factor that dentists meticulously consider and measure, particularly when designing and fabricating various dental prostheses.
Key Applications:
- Dentures: For patients who have lost all their natural teeth, establishing the correct VDO is paramount for the stability, comfort, and function of complete dentures. An incorrect VDO can lead to a range of issues, including:
- Reduced VDO (collapsed bite): Can cause a "shorter" facial appearance, wrinkled lips, jaw joint pain, and difficulty chewing.
- Increased VDO (open bite): Can lead to excessive muscle strain, clicking or pain in the jaw joints, difficulty closing the lips, and an unnatural facial appearance.
- Overdentures: Similar to dentures, maintaining the correct VDO is vital for overdentures, which are supported by remaining natural teeth or dental implants.
- Crowns and Bridges: When restoring multiple teeth or an entire arch, careful consideration of VDO ensures the new restorations integrate harmoniously with the patient's bite and jaw function.
- Orthodontics: In some orthodontic cases, VDO may be adjusted to improve bite relationships and facial balance.
Measurement Techniques:
Dentists use various methods to determine and verify the correct VDO for each patient, often involving:
- Facial Measurements: Using calipers or rulers to measure distances between specific facial landmarks.
- Phonetics: Observing speech patterns, as an incorrect VDO can affect pronunciation.
- Swallowing: Assessing the comfort and naturalness of swallowing.
- Patient Feedback: Listening to the patient's comfort levels and aesthetic preferences.
- Pre-extraction Records: Utilizing models or photographs from before tooth loss if available.
Establishing the precise VDO is a critical step in providing functional, comfortable, and aesthetically pleasing dental restorations.
