The Hundred Years' War was primarily an intermittent military struggle between England and France.
This prolonged conflict, which spanned from the mid-14th to the mid-15th century, fundamentally shaped the destinies of both nations.
Understanding the Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War was not a single, continuous war but rather a series of conflicts fought between the English and French monarchies and their respective allies. The central cause was a complex web of disputes, most notably the question of the legitimate succession to the French crown.
Primary Belligerents
The main countries at the heart of the Hundred Years' War were:
| Country | Role in Conflict | Key Objectives |
|---|---|---|
| England | Challenger to French Crown | Claim to the French throne, retention and expansion of French territories (e.g., Aquitaine) |
| France | Defender of Sovereignty | Maintain independence, expel English forces from French soil, unify the kingdom |
Key Causes and Context
The primary reasons that fueled this protracted struggle included:
- Dynastic Claims: Following the death of the last direct Capetian king of France in 1328, King Edward III of England, being his nephew, claimed the French throne. However, French law prohibited succession through the female line, leading to the coronation of Philip VI, a cousin, as the new French king.
- Territorial Disputes: England held significant feudal territories within France, particularly the Duchy of Aquitaine (Gascony). The French monarchy sought to exert its sovereignty over these lands, leading to constant friction and conflicts of feudal allegiance.
- Economic Rivalry: Control over economically vital regions, such as Flanders (known for its wool trade, which was tied to English exports), also played a role in escalating tensions.
The war saw famous figures like Joan of Arc and significant battles such as Crécy, Poitiers, and Agincourt. Despite the name, the conflict actually lasted for over 116 years, from 1337 to 1453. It profoundly impacted the political, social, and military development of both England and France, ultimately leading to a stronger sense of national identity in each country.
For more detailed information, you can refer to resources like Britannica's article on the Hundred Years' War.
