A bicorne, or bicorn, is a historical two-cornered hat primarily worn by European and American army and naval officers, particularly from the late 18th century into the early 20th century.
Historical Context and Prominent Wearers
The bicorne emerged as a distinct item of military uniform around the 1790s, quickly becoming a defining feature of military attire across various nations. Its design, characterized by two points, offered a stylish yet functional alternative to earlier hat forms.
Key Groups Who Wore Bicornes:
- Army Officers: Across both European and American forces, army officers adopted the bicorne as part of their standard uniform.
- Naval Officers: Similarly, naval officers frequently sported bicornes, particularly for dress occasions.
- Napoleonic Era Generals and Staff Officers: This period, in particular, saw widespread adoption. Most generals and staff officers serving under leaders like Napoleon Bonaparte were known for wearing bicornes. This iconic imagery is often associated with the era's military leadership.
- Full-Dress Headdress: Even after its widespread daily use diminished, the bicorne continued to be worn as a formal, full-dress headdress well into the 20th century, signifying rank and historical tradition in military and diplomatic contexts.
Evolution and Enduring Legacy
Originally designed to be worn with its points facing forward and backward (à la Frédéric) or sideways (à la colle or en bataille), the bicorne offered versatility in appearance. Its adoption reflected a shift towards more standardized and distinguishable military uniforms.
Timeline of Bicorne Usage:
| Era | Primary Wearers | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| 1790s - Mid-19th Century | European and American Army & Naval Officers | Widespread adoption as standard uniform; synonymous with Napoleonic-era military leadership. |
| Late 19th - Early 20th Century | Senior Officers, Diplomats, Court Officials | Evolved into a ceremonial item, primarily for full-dress occasions, maintaining a link to military heritage. |
While no longer a common part of everyday military uniform, the bicorne retains its significance as a symbol of historical military leadership and formal distinction. It can still be seen today in certain ceremonial roles, diplomatic events, and historical reenactments, preserving a tangible link to centuries past. For more insights into military uniforms, explore resources like the Victoria & Albert Museum's collection.
