The people historically referred to as "Calabar people" are primarily known as the Efik.
In historical literature, particularly prior to the nineteenth century, the term "Calabar people" was widely popular and served as a synonym for the Efik ethnic group. This designation underscored their significant presence and influence in the region that was then known as Calabar.
The Efik are an indigenous ethnic group found predominantly in present-day Cross River State, Nigeria, with their traditional homeland centered around the Calabar area. They possess a rich and intricate history, notably for their pivotal role in trade and commerce in the pre-colonial era.
Key Aspects of the Efik People's Identity and Historical Context:
- Historical Interchangeability: The term "Calabar people" was frequently used interchangeably with "Efik" in historical records and accounts, highlighting the close association between the people and the historical region.
- Geographical Concentration: Their traditional homeland encompasses the lower Cross River basin, with the city of Calabar serving as a major cultural, economic, and historical hub.
- Cultural Richness: The Efik boast a vibrant cultural heritage, which includes a distinct language (a dialect within the Ibibio-Efik language cluster), established traditional governance structures, and unique social customs.
- Economic Prominence: Historically, the Efik were renowned as powerful traders and intermediaries, especially in the transatlantic trade. Their economic influence played a crucial role in shaping the identity and development of the region.
To further clarify the historical usage:
| Term Used | Time Period | Associated Group | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calabar People | Prior to 19th Century | Efik | Widely used and synonymous with the Efik |
| Efik | Historically & Present | Efik | Primary self-identification and modern term |
Understanding this historical context is essential for comprehending the ethnic and cultural landscape of the Calabar region across different periods.
