Heathenism generally refers to a belief or practice of heathens, often characterized by idolatry, or by barbaric morals or behavior and barbarism. Historically, the term has been used by adherents of Abrahamic religions, particularly Christianity, to describe those who do not share their faith, typically polytheists or followers of pre-Christian indigenous religions.
Historical Roots and Derogatory Connotations
The word "heathen" originates from the Old English hæþen, which likely referred to someone dwelling on the "heath" or in the countryside, implying a non-urban, non-Christian, or unsophisticated person. This term became widely used by early Christians to label people who worshipped multiple gods, revered nature spirits, or followed traditions outside the monotheistic framework.
- Idolatry: A core aspect of the historical definition of heathenism is the practice of idolatry—the worship of idols or images as gods, or the worship of anything other than the Abrahamic God. This was seen as a grave sin and a mark of spiritual ignorance.
- Barbarism: Beyond religious differences, "heathen" often carried strong negative connotations, implying a lack of civilization, education, or moral refinement. It was associated with barbaric morals or behavior and general barbarism, suggesting uncivilized, crude, or even savage practices. This perception was frequently used to justify conquest, conversion, or the subjugation of non-Christian peoples.
Historically, various groups were labeled as heathens, including:
- Pre-Christian Germanic and Norse peoples
- Ancient Romans and Greeks (despite their advanced societies, due to polytheism)
- Indigenous peoples encountered during colonial expansion
Modern Heathenry: A Reclaimed Identity
In contemporary times, the term "Heathenry" has been reclaimed and adopted by practitioners of a diverse group of modern pagan religions. These religions are typically revivals or reconstructions of historical polytheistic beliefs and practices, primarily those of pre-Christian Germanic, Norse, and Anglo-Saxon peoples.
- Focus: Modern Heathenry often emphasizes ancestor veneration, a deep connection to nature, and the worship of a pantheon of gods and goddesses (e.g., Odin, Thor, Freya).
- Community: Practitioners often form communities that strive to revive historical customs, rituals, and ethical frameworks, such as the Nine Noble Virtues.
- Distinction: It is crucial to distinguish this modern, self-identified Heathenry from the historical, often pejorative use of "heathenism" by external groups.
Key Aspects of Heathenism
To understand the full scope of the term, consider these aspects:
| Aspect | Historical Interpretation (External) | Modern Interpretation (Self-Identified Heathenry) |
|---|---|---|
| Origin | Non-Christian, rural, unsophisticated | Reconstructed pre-Christian Germanic/Norse traditions |
| Beliefs | Idolatry, polytheism, animism, anything outside Abrahamic monotheism | Polytheism, ancestor veneration, nature worship |
| Connotation | Derogatory, barbaric, uncivilized, morally inferior | Empowering, ancestral connection, spiritual path, community-focused |
| Practices | Seen as crude, superstitious, pagan rituals | Rituals, offerings, seasonal celebrations, ethical living |
Understanding the Nuances
The meaning of heathenism is therefore fluid and dependent on context:
- As a historical and theological term, it carries the weight of judgment from monotheistic religions against those who did not share their faith, equating different beliefs with spiritual error and barbarism.
- As a modern, self-referential term within contemporary paganism, "Heathenry" represents a conscious choice to connect with ancient traditions, embrace polytheism, and build spiritual communities based on those paths.
It's important to approach the term with an awareness of its complex history and its evolving usage.
