In the rich spiritual tradition of Sikhism, two principal volumes, known as Granths, stand out as foundational scriptures, embodying the core teachings and history of the faith. These sacred texts serve as guiding lights for millions worldwide.
The two distinct types of Granth are:
- The Adi Granth (Guru Granth Sahib)
- The Dasam Granth
The Adi Granth (Guru Granth Sahib)
The Adi Granth, meaning "First Book," is unquestionably the more revered and significant of the two Granths in Sikhism. It is commonly referred to as Guru Granth Sahib and is considered the eternal, living Guru by Sikhs. This holy scripture is a vast compilation of hymns (Shabads), poetry, and spiritual teachings from the Sikh Gurus themselves, along with compositions from various Hindu and Muslim saints (Bhagats and Sufis) whose messages resonated with the Sikh philosophy.
Key aspects of the Adi Granth:
- Central Authority: It serves as the ultimate spiritual authority and the focal point of Sikh worship.
- Divine Revelation: Sikhs believe its contents are divinely inspired and represent the word of God.
- Ethical Guidance: It provides profound ethical and moral guidance for daily life, emphasizing equality, selfless service, truthful living, and devotion to God.
- Composition: Primarily compiled and edited by Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Sikh Guru, with later additions by Guru Gobind Singh.
The Dasam Granth
The Dasam Granth, meaning "Tenth Book," is the second most important Granth in Sikhism. This volume contains a diverse collection of writings traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru. While highly respected, it is considered secondary to the Guru Granth Sahib in terms of its doctrinal authority and liturgical use.
Key aspects of the Dasam Granth:
- Diverse Content: Its contents include devotional compositions, autobiographical narratives, mythological tales, and writings on philosophy and Sikh martial spirit.
- Purpose: Many of its compositions aim to inspire courage, righteousness, and devotion among Sikhs, particularly in times of oppression.
- Controversy: Some portions of the Dasam Granth have been subjects of scholarly debate regarding authorship and interpretation over time, though its significance to Sikh history and identity remains strong.
Comparison of the Granths
To better understand the distinct roles and characteristics of these two sacred volumes, consider the following comparison:
| Feature | Adi Granth (Guru Granth Sahib) | Dasam Granth |
|---|---|---|
| Meaning | "First Book" (First Volume) | "Tenth Book" (Tenth Volume) |
| Primary Author | Compiled by Guru Arjan Dev (5th Guru), with contributions from other Gurus and saints | Primarily attributed to Guru Gobind Singh (10th Guru) |
| Status | Considered the living, eternal Guru; ultimate spiritual authority. | Secondary scripture; highly respected but not accorded the status of Guru. |
| Content Focus | Spiritual hymns, teachings on devotion, equality, truth, and liberation; primarily meditative and devotional. | Diverse compositions, including devotional, autobiographical, mythological, and martial writings. |
| Liturgical Use | Central to all Sikh ceremonies, prayers, and daily readings. | Portions are recited, particularly the Jaap Sahib and Tav-Prasad Savaiye, but not the entire volume. |
| Volume Size | Considerably larger in volume and scope. | Smaller in comparison to the Adi Granth. |
| Significance | Unquestionably the greater of the two; cornerstone of Sikh theology and practice. | Important for understanding Guru Gobind Singh's philosophy and Sikh history. |
These two Granths are fundamental to Sikhism, each playing a unique role in shaping the faith's spiritual and historical identity. For further details on Sikh literature, you can refer to resources like Britannica's entry on Sikhism.
