Snipers in the Vietnam War employed a diverse array of rifles, ranging from older, reliable bolt-action models to more modern semi-automatic platforms. Key rifles utilized by U.S. Army snipers included the highly regarded XM-21, the venerable M-1C and M-1D Garand sniper rifles, and an early scoped variant of the M-14. U.S. Marine Corps snipers predominantly used the M40.
During the conflict, sniper rifles varied in their action, with some being bolt-action and others offering semi-automatic fire. The choice often depended on the branch of service, specific mission requirements, and availability.
U.S. Army Sniper Rifles
The U.S. Army's sniper program in Vietnam saw the prominent use of several semi-automatic rifles, favored for their ability to deliver rapid follow-up shots.
- XM-21 Sniper Rifle: This rifle was particularly popular among Army snipers. Developed from the standard-issue M14 rifle, the XM-21 was a semi-automatic weapon renowned for its accuracy and effectiveness in the field. It provided a significant advantage with its quicker firing rate compared to traditional bolt-action sniper rifles. For more details on its development, you can explore resources on the M14 rifle.
- M-1C and M-1D Garand Sniper Rifles: Though considered older models, dating back to World War II, the M-1C and M-1D variants of the M1 Garand were still actively used by Army snipers in Vietnam. These were semi-automatic rifles adapted for precision shooting by mounting telescopic sights. Their proven reliability and sturdy construction made them a practical choice for snipers. Information on the M1 Garand highlights its enduring legacy.
- Scoped M-14 Variant: An early variant of the standard M-14 rifle was also adapted for sniping. This version featured a 4-power scope mounted on it, turning the common infantry rifle into a capable long-range precision tool. This adaptation showcased the versatility of the M-14 platform.
U.S. Marine Corps Sniper Rifles
While the Army focused on semi-automatic platforms, the U.S. Marine Corps took a different approach, largely standardizing on a highly accurate bolt-action rifle.
- M40 Sniper Rifle: The primary sniper rifle for the U.S. Marine Corps in Vietnam was the M40. This was a customized version of the commercial Remington Model 700 bolt-action hunting rifle, chambered in 7.62×51mm NATO. Known for its exceptional accuracy, the M40 became an iconic symbol of Marine Corps sniping in the conflict and continues to evolve in modern variants.
Summary of Key Sniper Rifles in Vietnam
Here is a table summarizing the main sniper rifles used during the Vietnam War by both U.S. Army and Marine Corps snipers:
| Rifle Model | Branch Used By | Action Type | Key Features / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| XM-21 | U.S. Army | Semi-automatic | Very popular; based on the M14; allowed for rapid follow-up shots. |
| M-1C Garand | U.S. Army | Semi-automatic | Older, reliable model from WWII era; adapted with scopes for sniping. |
| M-1D Garand | U.S. Army | Semi-automatic | Similar to M-1C; another older model still effectively used for precision work. |
| M-14 (Scoped Variant) | U.S. Army | Semi-automatic | Early adaptation of the standard M14 rifle with a 4-power scope for sniping. |
| M40 | U.S. Marine Corps | Bolt-action | Customized Remington Model 700; highly accurate and iconic Marine Corps sniper rifle. |
